Alternate Spellings of Surname: Deifenderfer, Diefenderfer, Diffenderfer

 

Cigarmaker. Soldier. Journalist. Federal government official. Farmer. Given the freedom to pursue his dreams in ninteenth-century America, David Kemmerer Diefenderfer earned each of those titles at various points along the long and winding road of his unique life’s journey.

A veteran of the American Civil War, he also became an eyewitness to the wonders of the Second Industrial Revolution and the dawn of the twentieth century.

Formative Years

Born near the village of Macungie in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania on 10 October 1827, David Kemmerer Diefenderfer (1827-1909) was a son of Isaac Diefenderfer (1794-1866), who was a native of Trexlertown, Lehigh County, and  Lydia (Keiser) Diefenderfer (1800-1842), who was a native of Longswamp Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania.

David K. Diefenderfer was raised and educated in the public schools of Lehigh County with his Lehigh County-born siblings: Julianna Angelina Diefenderfer (1819-1901), who had been born on 28 January 1819 and would later wed George Neumeyer (1814-1882; alternate surname spelling: “Neumoyer”); Susanna Diefenderfer (1820-1867), who had been born in Macungie on 2 January 1820, was baptized at the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church in Alburtis, Lehigh County that same year and would later wed Stephen Bear (1832-1867); Heinrich Diefenderfer (1820-1842), who had been born on 23 September 1820; Esther Diefenderfer (1822-died before 1870), who had been born on 11 November 1822, was baptized at the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church in Alburtis on 8 December 1822 and would later wed Jonathan Blank (1810-1885) during the 1840s; Lydia Theresa Diefenderfer (1825-1842), who had been born on 8 April 1825; Elvina Diefenderfer (1830-1842), who was born on 30 April 1830; and Isaac Diefenderfer (1835-1912), who was born in Macungie on 21 November 1835 and would later wed Aravina Trollinger (1837-1918).

A heartbreaking series of events then struck the Diefenderfer family in 1842. The first occurred when family matriarch, Lydia (Keiser) Diefenderfer, died from “nervous fever” at the age of forty-two in Lower Macungie Township on 18 February 1842 (alternate death date: 17 February 1842) and was laid to rest at what is now Solomons United Church of Christ Cemetery. The second occurred the following day when David Diefenderfer’s younger sister, Elvina Diefenderfer, died from the same ailment at the age of eleven years, nine months and nineteen days in Lower Macungie Township on 19 February and was buried near her mother. The third occurred when David Diefenderfer’s older brother, Heinrich Diefenderfer, contracted “typhus fever” and died at the age of twenty-two in Lower Macungie Township, on 13 April 1842, and was buried near his mother. The fourth occurred the following day when another of David Diefenderfer’s sisters, Lydia Theresa Diefenderfer, died from the same disease at the age of eighteen in Lower Macungie Township on 14 April, and was buried near her mother and siblings.

By 1850, David Diefenderfer was employed as a cigarmaker, but was still unmarried and was living with his siblings, Susanna and Isaac, and father, Isaac Diefenderfer, at the home of fifty-six-year-old laborer Daniel Schankweiller in Lower Macungie Township. Also residing at the home were sisters Mary Ann and Esther Blank, who had been born circa 1843 and 1849, respectively. David’s father was employed that year as a “cordwainer”; by 1851, Isaac Diefenderfer was employed as the county tax collector for Lower Macungie Township.

It was during the early 1850s that David K. Diefenderfer began his career in journalism — as an apprentice to Alexander and William H. Blumer, publishers of Der Friedens Bote, a German language newspaper that was based in Lehigh County. On 17 April 1853, David wed Christianna Bender (1832-1918) during a ceremony that was officiated in Allentown by the Reverend Jacob Vogelbach. Together, he and his wife then welcomed the birth of William B. Diefenderfer (1857-1935), who was born on 21 September 1857 and would later marry Margaret L. Harris (1857-1916).

Sometime during the fall of 1854, David Diefenderfer purchased The Lehigh Register from Augustus L. Ruhe and began publishing that newspaper in collaboration with C. Frank Haines as “Haines & Diefenderfer.” Their first edition was published on 8 November 1854, and carried a newly-redesigned nameplate which announced that The Lehigh Register was now being published by Haines & Diefenderfer as “A Family Journal — Neutral in Politics.”

* Note: David Diefenderfer would subsequently sell his interest in that publication to Peter C. Huber, who would then begin publishing it in 1859 under the same title (The Lehigh Register) via the partnership known as Haines & Huber.

Employed as a tobacconist by the summer of 1860, David Diefenderfer resided in the Borough of Allentown’s Third Ward with his wife, Christianna, and their three-year-old son, William. Also living with them was Christianna’s nineteen-year-old sister, who was employed as a dressmaker. During the recording of that year’s federal census, the enumerator who visited David’s home noted that David owned real estate and personal property worth one thousand four hundred dollars (the equivalent of just over fifty-six thousand U.S. dollars in 2026).

By the spring of 1861, however, he had returned to the newspaper publishing industry and was employed as a printer — during the very same months that his beloved nation was devolving from a serious secession crisis into what would ultimately become a long and disastrous civil war.

American Civil War

At the age of thirty-four, David Kemmerer Diefenderfer enrolled for military service in Allentown. He then officially mustered for duty in at Camp Curtin in Dauphin County on 18 September 1861 as a corporal with Company G of the newly-formed 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Military records as the time described him as a printer and Lehigh County resident who was five feet, eight inches tall with light hair, gray eyes and a light complexion.

* Note: Company G was initially led by Charles Mickley, a miller and merchant who was a native of Mickleys near Whitehall Township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. After recruiting the men who would form the 47th Pennsylvania’s G Company, Charles Mickley had personally mustered in for duty as a corporal with the 47th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry on 18 September 1861, and had been promptly commissioned as a captain and given command of Company G that same day. Also on that day, Charles A. Henry had been made Company G’s second lieutenant, and John Joseph Goebel had been commissioned as G Company’s first lieutenant. The remainder of Company G — ninety-five men — had also enrolled and mustered in that same day. By the next month, the roster would climb to ninety-eight men — a figure that would hold until 1862.

Following a brief light infantry training period at Camp Curtin, Corporal Diefenderfer and his company were sent by train with the 47th Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C., where they were stationed at “Camp Kalorama” on the Kalorama Heights near Georgetown, about two miles from the White House, beginning 21 September. Henry Wharton, a field musician (drummer) with the regiment’s C Company, penned an update the next day to his hometown newspaper, the Sunbury American:

After a tedious ride we have, at last, safely arrived at the City of ‘magnificent distances.’ We left Harrisburg on Friday last at 1 o’clock A.M. and reached this camp yesterday (Saturday) at 4 P.M., as tired and worn out a sett [sic] of mortals as can possibly exist. On arriving at Washington we were marched to the ‘Soldiers Retreat,’ a building purposely erected for the benefit of the soldier, where every comfort is extended to him and the wants of the ‘inner man’ supplied.

After partaking of refreshments we were ordered into line and marched, about three miles, to this camp. So tired were the men, that on marching out, some gave out, and had to leave the ranks, but J. Boulton Young, our ‘little Zouave,’ stood it bravely, and acted like a veteran. So small a drummer is scarcely seen in the army, and on the march through Washington he was twice the recipient of three cheers.

We were reviewed by Gen. McClellan yesterday [21 September 1861] without our knowing it. All along the march we noticed a considerable number of officers, both mounted and on foot; the horse of one of the officers was so beautiful that he was noticed by the whole regiment, in fact, so wrapt [sic] up were they in the horse, the rider wasn’t noticed, and the boys were considerably mortified this morning on dis-covering they had missed the sight of, and the neglect of not saluting the soldier next in command to Gen. Scott.

Col. Good, who has command of our regiment, is an excellent man and a splendid soldier. He is a man of very few words, and is continually attending to his duties and the wants of the Regiment.

…. Our Regiment will now be put to hard work; such as drilling and the usual business of camp life, and the boys expect and hope for an occasional ‘pop’ at the enemy.

On 24 September 1861, the members of Company G and their fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers officially mustered in with the U.S. Army. Three days later, on 27 September, a rainy, drill-free day which permitted many of the men to read or write letters home, the 47th Pennsylvanians were assigned to the 3rd Brigade of Brigadier-General Isaac Ingalls Stevens. By that afternoon, they were on the move again, headed for the Potomac River’s eastern side where, upon arriving at Camp Lyon in Maryland, they were ordered to march double-quick over a chain bridge and off toward Falls Church, Virginia.

Arriving at Camp Advance at dusk, the men pitched their tents in a deep ravine about two miles from the bridge they had just crossed, near a new federal military facility under construction (Fort Ethan Allen), which was also located near the headquarters of Brigadier-General William Farrar Smith (nicknamed “Baldy”), the commander of the Union’s massive Army of the Potomac (“Mr. Lincoln’s Army”). Armed with Mississippi rifles supplied by the Keystone State, their job was to help defend the nation’s capital.

While all of that was unfolding, however, G Company Corporal Jacob P. Worman and three of his fellow soldiers, Private Allen David Wolf, Drummer William N. Smith, and Private George Heppler, were having their own “adventure.” According to The Allentown Democrat:

There is another chapter to the story of how four young soldiers from Allentown, members of the Forty-Seventh Regiment, managed to see President Lincoln in 1861 after they had made two ineffectual efforts to see the great man. The young soldiers were Allen Wolf, William H. Smith, Jacob Worman, and George Hepler. They were members of Captain Mickley’s Company G and the pass which they had expired at 5 p.m. of that day.

It was growing late in the afternoon when the young soldiers left the White House and they made tracks for the camp. What followed can best be told in Mr. Wolf’s own words: “When we got to the point where our regiment had been encamped in the morning we saw nothing but strange faces. We asked for Company G, and were directed to a point. When we came there we found that during our absence the Forty-seventh had been ordered to move and a Wisconsin regiment was encamped there. We decided to return to the city [Washington, D.C.] and in due time fell into the hands of the patrol. We showed our pass and were sent to the headquarters of General McClellan. The general met us personally. We told him of our predicament and he told us that our regiment was now encamped in a different location. He directed us to cross the chain bridge. The general also informed us that a wagon train would go that way and that we should follow it. We did as he instructed us to do. What a march that was, however! It was raining all night and we were drenched to the skin by the time we reached our regiment. But we felt amply repaid. We had seen the greatest man in the country and had spoken to General McClellan.”

…. The fact that President Lincoln finally consented to come down to meet the four young soldiers from Allentown was characteristic of the great man…. Twice he sent word to the young men that he was too busy to see them. The third time he came…. 

Their inability to locate their regiment’s camp is more easily understood when reading a letter penned on 29 September by Company C Musician Henry Wharton, in which he informed readers of the Sunbury American that the 47th Pennsylvania had changed camps three times in three days:

On Friday last we left Camp Kalorama, and the same night encamped about one mile from the Chain Bridge on the opposite side of the Potomac from Washington. The next morning, Saturday, we were ordered to this Camp [Camp Advance near Fort Ethan Allen, Virginia], one and a half miles from the one we occupied the night previous. I should have mentioned that we halted on a high hill (on our march here) at the Chain Bridge, called Camp Lyon, but were immediately ordered on this side of the river. On the route from Kalorama we were for two hours exposed to the hardest rain I ever experienced. Whew, it was a whopper; but the fellows stood it well – not a murmur – and they waited in their wet clothes until nine o’clock at night for their supper. Our Camp adjoins that of the N.Y. 79th (Highlanders.)….

We had not been in this Camp more than six hours before our boys were supplied with twenty rounds of ball and cartridge, and ordered to march and meet the enemy; they were out all night and got back to Camp at nine o’clock this morning, without having a fight. They are now in their tents taking a snooze preparatory to another march this morning…. I don’t know how long the boys will be gone, but the orders are to cook two days’ rations and take it with them in their haversacks…. 

There was a nice little affair came off at Lavensville [sic, Lewinsville], a few miles from here on Wednesday last; our troops surprised a party of rebels (much larger than our own.) killing ten, took a Major prisoner, and captured a large number of horses, sheep and cattle, besides a large quantity of corn and potatoes, and about ninety six [sic] tons of hay. A very nice day’s work. The boys are well, in fact, there is no sickness of any consequence at all in our Regiment….

Sometime during that phase of duty, as part of the 3rd Brigade, the 47th Pennsylvanians were moved to a site they initially christened “Camp Big Chestnut” in reference to a large chestnut tree located nearby. The site would eventually become known to the Keystone Staters as “Camp Griffin,” and was located roughly ten miles from Washington, D.C. While en route, according to historian Lewis Schmidt, “Pvt. Reuben Wetzel, a forty-six-year-old cook in Capt. Mickley’s Company G,” climbed up on a horse that was pulling his company’s wagon while his regiment was engaged in a march from Fort Ethan Allen to Camp Griffin (both in Virginia). When the regiment arrived at a deep ditch, “the horses lost their footing and the wagon overturned and plunged into the ditch, with ‘the old man, wagon, and horses, under everything.’”

Pageantry and Hard Work

On 11 October 1861, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers took part in the Grand Review at Bailey’s Cross Roads. In a letter that was written to family back home around that same time, Captain John Peter Shindel Gobin (the leader of C Company who would be promoted in 1864 to head the entire 47th Regiment) reported that companies D, A, C, F and I (the 47th Pennsylvania’s right wing) were ordered to picket duty after the left-wing companies (B, G, K, E, and H) had been forced to return to camp by Confederate troops. In his letter of 13 October, Henry Wharton described their duties, as well as their new home:

The location of our camp is fine and the scenery would be splendid if the view was not obstructed by heavy thickets of pine and innumerable chesnut [sic] trees. The country around us is excellent for the Rebel scouts to display their bravery; that is, to lurk in the dense woods and pick off one of our unsuspecting pickets. Last night, however, they (the Rebels) calculated wide of their mark; some of the New York 33d boys were out on picket; some fourteen or fifteen shots were exchanged, when our side succeeded in bringing to the dust, (or rather mud,) an officer and two privates of the enemy’s mounted pickets. The officer was shot by a Lieutenant in Company H [?], of the 33d.

Our own boys have seen hard service since we have been on the ‘sacred soil.’ One day and night on picket, next day working on entrenchments at the Fort, (Ethan Allen.) another on guard, next on march and so on continually, but the hardest was on picket from last Thursday morning ‘till Saturday morning – all the time four miles from camp, and both of the nights the rain poured in torrents, so much so that their clothes were completely saturated with the rain. They stood it nobly – not one complaining; but from the size of their haversacks on their return, it is no wonder that they were satisfied and are so eager to go again tomorrow. I heard one of them say ‘there was such nice cabbage, sweet and Irish potatoes, turnips, &c., out where their duty called them, and then there was a likelihood of a Rebel sheep or young porker advancing over our lines and then he could take them as ‘contraband’ and have them for his own use.’ When they were out they saw about a dozen of the Rebel cavalry and would have had a bout with them, had it not been for…unlucky circumstance – one of the men caught the hammer of his rifle in the strap of his knapsack and caused his gun to fire; the Rebels heard the report and scampered in quick time….

On Friday morning, 22 October 1861, the 47th engaged in a divisional review, described by historian Lewis Schmidt as massing “about 10,000 infantry, 1000 cavalry, and twenty pieces of artillery all in one big open field.” In late October, according to Schmidt, the men from Companies B, G and H woke at 3 a.m., assembled a day’s worth of rations, marched four miles from camp, and took over picket duties from the 49th New York:

Company B was stationed in the vicinity of a Mrs. Jackson’s house, with Capt. Kacy’s Company H on guard around the house. The men of Company B had erected a hut made of fence rails gathered around an oak tree, in front of which was the house and property, including a persimmon tree whose fruit supplied them with a snack. Behind the house was the woods were the Rebels had been fired on last Wednesday morning while they were chopping wood there.

In his letter of 17 November, Henry Wharton revealed still more details about life at Camp Griffin:

This morning our brigade was out for inspection; arms, accoutrements [sic], clothing, knapsacks, etc, all were out through a thorough examination, and if I must say it myself, our company stood best, A No. 1, for cleanliness. We have a new commander to our Brigade, Brigadier General Brannen [sic], of the U.S. Army, and if looks are any criterion, I think he is a strict disciplinarian and one who will be as able to get his men out of danger as he is willing to lead them to battle….

The boys have plenty of work to do, such as piquet [sic] duty, standing guard, wood-chopping, police duty and day drill; but then they have the most substantial food; our rations consist of fresh beef (three times a week) pickled pork, pickled beef, smoked pork, fresh bread, daily, which is baked by our own bakers, the Quartermaster having procured portable ovens for that purpose, potatoes, split peas, beans, occasionally molasses and plenty of good coffee, so you see Uncle Sam supplies us plentifully….

A few nights ago our Company was out on piquet [sic]; it was a terrible night, raining very hard the whole night, and what made it worse, the boys had to stand well to their work and dare not leave to look for shelter. Some of them consider they are well paid for their exposure, as they captured two ancient muskets belonging to Secessia. One of them is of English manufacture, and the other has the Virginia militia mark on it. They are both in a dilapidated condition, but the boys hold them in high estimation as they are trophies from the enemy, and besides they were taken from the house of Mrs. Stewart, sister to the rebel Jackson who assassinated the lamented Ellsworth at Alexandria. The honorable lady, Mrs. Stewart, is now a prisoner at Washington and her house is the headquarters of the command of the piquets [sic]….

Since the success of the secret expedition, we have all kinds of rumors in camp. One is that our Brigade will be sent to the relief of Gen. Sherman, in South Carolina. The boys all desire it and the news in the ‘Press’ is correct, that a large force is to be sent there, I think their wish will be gratified….

On 21 November, the 47th participated in a morning divisional headquarters review that was overseen by Colonel Tilghman Good, followed by brigade and division drills all afternoon. According to Schmidt, “each man was supplied with ten blank cartridges.” Afterward, “Gen. Smith requested Gen. Brannan to inform Col. Good that the 47th was the best regiment in the whole division.”

As a reward — and in preparation for bigger things to come, Brigadier-General John Milton Brannan obtained brand new Springfield rifles for every member of the 47th Pennsylvania.

1862

Next ordered to move from their Virginia encampment back to Maryland, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers left Camp Griffin at 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday, 22 January 1862. Marching through deep mud with their equipment for three miles in order to reach the railroad station at Falls Church, they were then moved by rail to Alexandria, Virginia, where they boarded the steamship City of Richmond. Transported via the Potomac River to the Washington Arsenal, they were reequipped before they were marched off for dinner and rest at the Soldiers’ Retreat in Washington, D.C.

The next afternoon, they hopped aboard cars on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and headed for Annapolis, Maryland. Arriving around 10 p.m., they were assigned quarters in barracks at the United States Naval Academy. They then spent that Friday through Monday (24-27 January 1862) loading their equipment and other supplies onto the steamship Oriental.

Ferried to the Oriental by smaller steamers during the afternoon of 27 January 1862, the enlisted members of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry commenced boarding the big steamship, followed by their officers. Then, per the directive of Brigadier-General Brannan, the Oriental steamed away for the Deep South at 4 p.m. and headed for Florida which, despite its secession from the Union, remained strategically important to the Union due to the presence of Forts Taylor and Jefferson in Key West and the Dry Tortugas.

In early February 1862, Corporal David Diefenderfer and his fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers arrived in Key West, Florida, where they were assigned to garrison Fort Taylor. During the weekend of Friday, 14 February, the regiment introduced itself to Key West residents as it paraded through the streets of the city. That Sunday, a number of the men from the regiment mingled with local residents at area church services.

Drilling daily in heavy artillery tactics and other military strategies, they felled trees, built new roads and helped to strengthen the facility’s fortifications. But there were lighter moments as well.

According to a letter penned by Henry Wharton on 27 February 1862, the regiment commemorated the birthday of former U.S. President George Washington with a parade, a special ceremony involving the reading of Washington’s farewell address to the nation (first delivered in 1796), the firing of cannon at the fort, and a sack race and other games on 22 February. The festivities resumed two days later when the 47th Pennsylvania’s Regimental Band hosted an officers’ ball at which “all parties enjoyed themselves, for three o’clock of the morning sounded on their ears before any motion was made to move homewards.” This was then followed by a concert by the Regimental Band on Wednesday evening, 26 February.

As the 47th Pennsylvanians soldiered on, many were realizing that they were operating in an environment that was far more challenging than what they had experienced to date — and in an area where the water quality was frequently poor. That meant that disease would now be their constant companion — an unseen foe that would continue to claim the lives of multiple members of the regiment during this phase of duty — if they weren’t careful.

Still, they soldiered on. On 1 April 1862, Corporal David Diefenderfer was promoted to the rank of sergeant, placing him in charge of a squad of members from his company. As a result, he would be responsible for monitoring and directing his men whenever they were assigned to fatigue, guard, patrol, or picket duties. (And, if his company were ever ordered into combat, it would also be his job to ensure that the men under his command would maintain their ranks under fire.)

Next ordered to Hilton Head, South Carolina from mid-June through July, the 47th Pennsylvanians camped near Fort Walker before relocating to the Beaufort District, Department of the South, roughly thirty-five miles away. Frequently assigned to hazardous picket detail north of their main camp, which put them at increased risk from enemy sniper fire, the members of the 47th Pennsylvania became known for their “attention to duty, discipline and soldierly bearing,” and “received the highest commendation from Generals Hunter and Brannan,” according to historian Samuel P. Bates.

Detachments from the regiment were also assigned to the Expedition to Fenwick Island (9 July) and the Demonstration against Pocotaligo (10 July), while men from Companies B and H “crossed the Coosaw River at the Port Royal Ferry and drove off the Rebel pickets before returning ‘home’ without a loss,” according to Schmidt. The actions were the Union’s response to the burning by Confederate troops of the ferry house at Port Royal.

Saint John’s Bluff and the Capture of a Confederate Steamer

During a return expedition to Florida beginning 30 September, Sergeant David Diefenderfer and his fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers joined with the 1st Connecticut Battery, 7th Connecticut Infantry, and part of the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry in assaulting Confederate forces at their heavily protected camp at Saint John’s Bluff, overlooking the Saint John’s River area. Trekking and skirmishing through roughly twenty-five miles of dense swampland and forests after disembarking from ships at Mayport Mills on 1 October, they subsequently captured artillery and ammunition stores (on 3 October) that had been abandoned by Confederate forces during a bombardment of the bluff by Union gunboats.

According to Henry Wharton, “On the day following our occupation of these works the guns were dismounted and removed on board the steamer Neptune, together with the shot and shell, and removed to Hilton Head. The powder was all used in destroying the batteries.”

Meanwhile that same weekend (Friday and Saturday, 3-4 October 1862), Brigadier-General Brannan was busy penning reports to his superiors while also planning the next move of his expeditionary force (while quartered on board the Ben Deford as the Union expedition’s commanding officer). That Saturday, Brannan chose several officers to order subordinates to prepare rations and ammunition for a new foray that would take them roughly twenty miles upriver to Jacksonville. (A sophisticated hub of cultural and commercial activities with a racially diverse population of more than two thousand residents, the city had repeatedly changed hands between the Union and Confederacy until its occupation by Union forces on 12 March 1862.) Among the Union soldiers selected for that mission were 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers from Company C, Company E and Company K.

Boarding the Union gunboat Darlington (formerly a Confederate steamer), they moved upriver, along the Saint John’s, with protection from the Union gunboat Hale. Traveling a distance of two hundred miles, they subsequently played a key role in capturing the Governor Milton, a Confederate steamer that was docked near Hawkinsville.

Integration of the Regiment

The 47th Pennsylvania also made history during the month of October 1862 as it became an integrated regiment, adding to its muster rolls several Black men who had escaped chattel enslavement from plantations near Beaufort, South Carolina. Among the formerly enslaved men who enlisted during that time were Bristor Gethers, Abraham Jassum and Edward Jassum.

Battle of Pocotaligo, South Carolina

From 21-23 October 1862, under the brigade and regimental commands of Colonel Tilghman H. Good and Lieutenant-Colonel George Warren Alexander, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers joined with other Union troops in engaging heavily protected Confederate forces in and around Pocotaligo, South Carolina, including at the Frampton Plantation and the Pocotaligo Bridge, a key piece of railroad infrastructure that was targeted for destruction by senior Union military leaders with the goal of disrupting the movement of Confederate troops and supplies.

Harried by snipers while en route to destroy the bridge, however, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers also met resistance from Confederate artillerymen who opened fire as they entered an open cotton field. Unfortunately, the Union men who were headed toward higher ground at the Frampton Plantation fared no better as they encountered rifle and cannon fire from the surrounding forests. Still, they refused to give in. Grappling with Rebel troops wherever they found them, they pursued them for four miles as the Confederate Army retreated to the bridge. Once there, the 47th Pennsylvanians relieved the 7th Connecticut Volunteers, and continued the fight.

That engagement proved to be a costly one for the 47th Pennsylvania, however, with multiple members of the regiment killed instantly or so grievously wounded that they died the next day or within weeks of the battle. Among those killed in action was Captain Charles Mickley of Company G; one of the mortally wounded was K Company Captain George Junker.

Following the 47th Pennsylvania’s return to Hilton Head on 23 October, members of the regiment mourned their lost friends and attempted to heal from the physical and mental trauma they had sustained. A week later, several 47th Pennsylvanians were called upon to serve as the funeral honor guard for Major-General Ormsby M. Mitchel, commander of the U.S. Army’s Tenth Corps (X Corps) and Department of the South, who died from yellow fever on 30 October.

Having been ordered back to Key West on 15 November 1862, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers would spend the coming year guarding federal installations in Florida. Companies A, B, C, E, G, and I would once again garrison Fort Taylor in Key West, while the men from Companies D, F, H, and K would garrison Fort Jefferson, the Union’s remote outpost in the Dry Tortugas off the southern coast of Florida.

After packing their belongings at their Beaufort, South Carolina encampment and loading their equipment onto the U.S. Steamer Cosmopolitan, the officers and enlisted members of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry sailed toward the mouth of the Broad River on 15 December 1862, and anchored briefly at Port Royal Harbor in order to allow the regiment’s medical director, Elisha W. Baily, M.D., and members of the regiment who had recuperated enough from their Pocotaligo-related battle injuries at the Union’s general hospital at Hilton Head, to rejoin the regiment.

At 5 p.m. that same evening, the regiment sailed for Florida, during what was described by several members of the 47th as a treacherous and nerve-wracking voyage. According to historian Lewis Schmidt, the ship’s captain “steered a course along the coast of Florida for most of the voyage,” which made the voyage more precarious “because of all the reefs.” On 16 December, “the second night, the ship was jarred as it ran aground on one during a storm, but broke free, and finally steered a course further from shore, out in the Gulf Stream.”

In a letter penned to the Sunbury American on 21 December, Company C soldier Henry Wharton provided the following details about the regiment’s trip:

On the passage down, we ran along almost the whole coast of Florida. Rather all dangerous ground, and the reefs are no playthings. We were jarred considerably by running on one, and not liking the sensation our course was altered for the Gulf Stream. We had heavy sea all the time. I had often heard of ‘waves as big as a house,’ and thought it was a sailors yarn, but I have seen ’em and am perfectly satisfied; so now, not having a nautical turn of mind, I prefer our movements being done on terra firma, and leave old neptune to those who have more desire for his better acquaintance. A nearer chance of a shipwreck never took place than ours, and it was only through Providence that we were saved. The Cosmopolitan is a good riverboat, but to send her to sea, loadened [sic, loaded] with U.S. troops is a shame, and looks as though those in authority wish to get clear of soldiers in another way than that of battle. There was some sea sickness on our passage; several of the boys ‘casting up their accounts’ on the wrong side of the ledger.

According to Corporal George Nichols of Company E, “When we got to Key West the Steamer had Six foot of water in her hole [sic, hold]. Waves Mountain High and nothing but an old river Steamer. With Eleven hundred Men on I looked for her to go to the Bottom Every Minute.”

Although the Cosmopolitan arrived at Key West Harbor on Thursday, 18 December, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers did not set foot on Florida soil until noon the next day. The men from Companies C and I were immediately marched to Fort Taylor, while the men from Companies B and E were assigned to older barracks that had previously been erected by the U.S. Army. Members of Companies A and G were marched to the newer “Lighthouse Barracks” located on “Lighthouse Key.”

On Saturday, 21 December, Lieutenant-Colonel George Warren Alexander, the regiment’s second-in-command, sailed away aboard the Cosmopolitan with the men from Companies D, F, H, and K, and headed south to Fort Jefferson, roughly seventy miles off the coast of Florida (in the Gulf of Mexico) to assume garrison duties there. According to Musician Henry Wharton:

We landed here [Fort Taylor] on last Thursday at noon, and immediately marched to quarters. Company I. and C., in Fort Taylor, Company E. and B. in the old Barracks, and A. and G. in the new Barracks. Lieut. Col. Alexander, with the other four companies proceeded to Tortugas, Col. Good having command of all the forces in and around Key West. Our regiment relieved the 90th Regiment N. Y. Vols. Col. Joseph Morgan, who will proceed to Hilton Head to report to the General commanding. His actions have been severely criticized by the people, but, as it is in bad taste to say anything against ones superiors, I merely mention, judging from the expression of the citizens, they were very glad of the return of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers….

1863

Stationed in Florida for the entire year of 1863, Sergeant David Diefenderfer and his fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers were literally ordered to “hold the fort.” Their primary duty was to prevent foreign powers from assisting the Confederate Army and Navy in gaining control over federal installations and other territories across the Deep South. In addition, the regiment was also called upon to play an ongoing role in weakening Florida’s ability to supply and transport food and troops throughout areas held by the Confederate States of America.

Prior to intervention by the Union Army and Navy, the owners of plantations, livestock ranches and fisheries, as well as the operators of smaller family farms across Florida, had been able to consistently furnish beef and pork, fish, fruits, and vegetables to Confederate troops stationed throughout the Deep South during the first year of the American Civil War. Large herds of cattle were raised near Fort Myers, for example, while orchard owners in the Saint John’s River area were actively engaged in cultivating sizeable orange groves. (Other types of citrus trees were found growing throughout more rural areas of the state.)

Florida was also a major producer of salt, which was used as a preservative for food. Consequently, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers and other Union troops across Florida were ordered to capture or destroy salt manufacturing plants in order to further curtail the enemy’s access to food.

On 1 May 1863, Sergeant David Diefenderfer was promoted to the rank of first sergeant, making him the most senior non-commisioned officer of his company, and giving him the responsibility for taking roll calls and ensuring that G Company’s food and supplies were adequate and well maintained. In addition, he also now had the authority to arrest and confine members of G Company whenever their behavior warranted serious disciplinary action.

Unfortunately, their living conditions deteriorated as spring turned to summer. As each day became hotter and more humid, mosquitos and other insects thrived, becoming an ever-present annoyance — and a serious threat because those insects often spread deadly tropical diseases from soldier to soldier — during a time when they lacked clean water for drinking and bathing. In addition, scorpions and snakes also put the health of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers at further risk.

1864

In early January 1864, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers experienced yet another significant change when members of the regiment were ordered to expand the Union’s reach by sending part of the regiment north to retake Fort Myers, a federal installation that had been abandoned in 1858, following the federal government’s third war with the Seminole Indians. In response, Company A Captain Richard Graeffe and a detachment of his subordinates traveled north, captured the fort and began conducting cattle raids to provide food for the growing Union troop presence across the region. They subsequently turned their fort not only into their base of operations, but into a shelter for pro-Union supporters, escaped slaves, Confederate deserters, and others fleeing Rebel troops.

Red River Campaign

Meanwhile, all of the other companies of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry had begun preparing for the regiment’s history-making journey to Louisiana. Boarding yet another steamer, the Charles Thomas, the men from Companies B, C, D, I, and K headed for Algiers, Louisiana (across the river from New Orleans), followed on 1 March by the men from Companies E, F, G, and H.

Upon the second group’s arrival, the now almost-fully-reunited-regiment moved by train to Brashear City (now Morgan City), before heading to Franklin by steamer through the Bayou Teche. There, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry joined the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division of the 19th Corps (XIX) of the United States’ Army of the Gulf, and became the only regiment from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to serve in the Red River Campaign commanded by Union Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks. (Unable to reach Louisiana until 23 March, the soldiers from Company A were assigned to detached duty while awaiting transport that enabled them to reconnect with their regiment at Alexandria, Louisiana on 9 April.)

The early days on the ground quickly woke First Sergeant David Diefenderfer and his fellow 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers up to just how grueling their new phase of duty would be. From 14-26 March, most members of the 47th marched for Alexandria and Natchitoches, near the top of the L-shaped state. Among the towns that the 47th Pennsylvanians passed through were New Iberia, Vermilionville (now part of Lafayette), Opelousas, and Washington.

From 4-5 April 1864, the regiment added to its roster of young Black soldiers when Aaron Bullard (later known as Aaron French), James Bullard, John Bullard, Samuel Jones, and Hamilton Blanchard (also known as John Hamilton) enrolled for military service with the 47th Pennsylvania at Natchitoches. According to their respective entries in the Civil War Veterans’ Card File at the Pennsylvania State Archives and on regimental muster rolls, the men were officially mustered into the regiment on 22 June at Morganza, Louisiana. Several of their entries noted that they were assigned the rank of “Colored Cook” while others were given the rank of “Under-Cook.”

Often short on food and water throughout their long, harsh-climate trek, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers encamped briefly at Pleasant Hill (now the Village of Pleasant Hill) the night of 7 April, before continuing on the next day.

Rushed into battle ahead of other regiments in the second division, sixty members of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were cut down on 8 April 1864 during the intense volley of fire in the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads (also known as the Battle of Mansfield due to its proximity to the town of Mansfield). The fighting waned only when darkness fell. The exhausted, but uninjured collapsed beside the gravely wounded and dead. After midnight, the surviving Union troops withdrew to Pleasant Hill.

The next day, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers were ordered into a critically important defensive position at the far right of the Union lines, their right flank spreading up unto a high bluff. By 3 p.m., after enduring a midday charge by the troops of Confederate Major-General Richard Taylor (a plantation owner who was the son of Zachary Taylor, a former president of the United States), the brutal fighting still showed no signs of ending. Suddenly, just as the 47th was shifting to the left side of the Union force, the men of the 47th were forced to bolster the 165th New York’s buckling lines by blocking another Confederate assault.

During that engagement (now known as the Battle of Pleasant Hill), the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers succeeded in recapturing a Massachusetts artillery battery that had been lost during the earlier Confederate assault. Unfortunately, the regiment’s second-in-command, Lieutenant-Colonel George Warren Alexander, and its two color-bearers, Sergeants Benjamin Walls and William Pyers, were wounded. Alexander sustained wounds to both of his legs, and Walls was shot in the left shoulder as he attempted to mount the 47th Pennsylvania’s colors on caissons that had been recaptured, while Pyers was wounded as he grabbed the flag from Walls to prevent it from falling into Confederate hands.

All three survived the day, however, and continued to serve with the regiment, but many others, like K Company Sergeant Alfred Swoyer, were killed in action during that chaotic battle, or were wounded so severely that they were unable to continue the fight. (Swoyer’s final words were, “They’re coming nine deep!” Shot in the right temple shortly afterward, his body was never recovered).

Still others were captured by Confederate troops, marched roughly one hundred and twenty-five miles to Camp Ford, a Confederate Army prison camp near Tyler, Texas, and held there as prisoners of war until they were released during a series of prisoner exchanges that began on 22 July and continued through November. At least two members of the regiment never made it out of that prison camp alive; another died at a Confederate hospital in Shreveport.

Meanwhile, as the captured 47th Pennsylvanians were being spirited away to Camp Ford, the bulk of the regiment was carrying out orders from senior Union Army leaders to head for Grand Ecore, Louisiana. Encamped there from 11-22 April, the Union soldiers engaged in the hard labor of strengthening regimental and brigade fortifications.

They then moved back to Natchitoches Parish on 22 April. While they were in route, they were attacked again — at the rear of their retreating brigade — but they were able to end the encounter quickly and move on to reach Cloutierville at 10 p.m. that same night (after a forty-five-mile march).

The next morning (23 April), episodic skirmishing quickly roared into the flames of a robust fight. As part of the advance party led by Union Brigadier-General William Emory, the 47th Pennsylvanians took on the Confederate Cavalry of Brigadier-General Hamilton Bee in the Battle of Cane River (also known as “the affair at Monett’s Ferry” or the “Cane River Crossing”).

Responding to a barrage from the Confederate Artillery’s twenty-pound Parrott guns and from enemy troops positioned atop a bluff and near a bayou, Brigadier-General Emory directed one of his brigades to keep Bee’s Confederate troops busy while sending two other brigades to find a safe spot for the Union’s forces to cross the Cane River. As part of “the beekeepers,” the 47th Pennsylvania supported Smith’s artillery.

Meanwhile, additional troops under Smith’s command attacked Bee’s flank to force a Rebel retreat, and then erected a series of pontoon bridges that enabled the 47th Pennsylvania and other Union regiments to make the Cane River Crossing by the next day. As the Confederates retreated, they torched their own food stores, as well as the cotton supplies of their fellow southerners. In a letter penned from Morganza, C Company Musician Henry Wharton described what had happened:

Our sojourn at Grand Score was for eleven days, during which time our position was well fortified by entrenchments for a length of five miles, made of heavy logs, five feet high and six feet wide, filled in with dirt. In front of this, trees were felled for a distance of two hundred yards, so that if the enemy attacked we had an open space before us which would enable our forces to repel them and follow if necessary. But our labor seemed to the men as useless, for on the morning of 22d April, the army abandoned these works and started for Alexandria. From our scouts it was ascertained that the enemy had passed some miles to our left with the intention of making a stand against our right at Bayou Cane, where there is a high bluff and dense woods, and at the same attack Smith’s forces who were bringing up the rear. This first day was a hard one for the boys, for at 10 o’clock at night they made Cloutierville, a distance of forty drive miles. On that day our rear was attacked which caused our forces to reverse their front and form in line of battle, expecting too, to go back to the relief of Smith, but he needed no assistance, sending word to the front that he had ‘whipped them, and could do it again.’ It was well that Banks made so long a march on that day, for on the next we found the enemy prepared to carry out their design of attacking us front and rear. Skirmishing commenced early in the morning and as our columns advanced he fell back towards the bayou, when we soon discovered the position of their batteries on the bluff. There was then an artillery duel by the smaller pieces, and some sharp fighting by the cavalry, when the ‘mule battery,’ twenty pound Parrott guns opened a heavy fire, which soon dislodged them, forcing the chivalry to flee in a manner not at all suitable to their boasted courage. Before this one cavalry, the 3d Brigade of the 1st Div., and Birges’ brigade of the second, had crossed the bayou and were doing good service, which, with the other work, made the enemy show their heels. The 3d brigade done some daring deeds in this fight, as also did the cavalry. In one instance the 3d charged up a hill almost perpendicular, driving the enemy back by the bayonet without firing a gun. The woods on this bluff was so thick that the cavalry had to dismount and fight on foot. During the whole of the day, our brigade, the 2d, was supporting artillery, under fire all the time, and could not give Mr. Reb a return shot.

While we were fighting in front, Smith was engaged some miles in the rear, but he done his part well and drove them back. The rebel commanders thought by attacking us in the rear, and having a large face on the bluffs, they would be able to capture our train and take us all prisoners, but in this they were mistaken, for our march was so rapid that we were on them before they had thrown up the necessary earthworks. Besides they underrated the amount of our artillery, calculating from the number engaged at Pleasant Hill. The rebels say it ‘seems as though the Yankees manufacture, on short notice, artillery to order, and the men are furnished with wings when they wish to make a certain point.’ 

The damage done to the Confederate cause by the burning of cotton was immense. On the night of the 22d our route was lighted up for miles and millions of dollars worth if this production was destroyed. This loss will be felt more by Davis & Co., than several defeats in this region, for the basis of the loan in England was on the cotton in Louisiana.

After the rebels had fled from the bluff the negro troops put down the pontoons, and by ten that night we were six miles beyond the bayou safely encamped. The next morning we moved forward and in two days were in Alexandria. Johnnys followed Smith’s forces, keeping out of range of his guns, except when he had gained the eminence across the bayou, when he punished them (the rebs) severely. 

Having finally reached Alexandria on 26 April, they learned that they would remain at their latest new camp for at least two weeks. Placed temporarily under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Bailey, they were assigned yet again to the hard labor of construction work, helping to erect “Bailey’s Dam,” a timber structure that was designed to enable Union gun boats to safely navigate the fluctuating water levels of the Red River. According to Musician Henry Wharton:

We were at Alexandria seventeen days, during which time the men were kept busy at throwing up earthworks, foraging and three times went out some distance to meet the enemy, but they did not make their appearance in numbers large enough for an engagement. The water in the Red river had fallen so much that it prevented the gun boats from operating with us, and kept our transports from supplying the troops with rations, (and you know soldiers, like other people will eat), so Banks was compelled to relinquish his designs on Shreveport and fall back to the Mississippi. To do this a large dam had to be built on the falls at Alexandria to get the iron clads down the river. After a great deal of labor this was accomplished and by the morning of May 13th the last one was through the shute [sic, chute], when we bade adieu to Alexandria, marching through the town with banners flying and keeping step to the music of ‘Rally around the flag,’ and ‘When this cruel war is over.’ The next morning, at our camping place, the fleet of boats passed us, when we were informed that Alexandria had been destroyed by fire – the act of a dissatisfied citizen and several negroes. Incendiary acts were strictly forbidden in a general order before we left the place, and a cavalry guard was left in the rear to see the order enforced. After marching a few miles skirmishing commenced in front between the cavalry and the enemy in riflepits on the bank of the river, but they were easily driven away. When we came up we discovered their pits and places where there had been batteries planted. At this point the John Warren, an unarmed transport, on which were sick soldiers and women, was fired into and sunk, killing many and those that were not drowned taken prisoners. A tin-clad gunboat was destroyed at the same place, by which we lost a large mail. Many letters and directed envelopes were found on the bank – thrown there after the contents had been read by the unprincipled scoundrels. The inhumanity of Guerrilla bands in this department is beyond belief, and if one did not know the truth of it or saw some of their barbarities, he would write it down as the story of a ‘reliable gentleman’ or as told by an ‘intelligent contraband.’ Not satisfied with his murderous intent on unarmed transports he fires into the Hospital steamer Laurel Hill, with four hundred sick on board. This boat had the usual hospital signal floating fore and aft, yet, notwithstanding all this, and the customs of war, they fired on them, proving by this act that they are more hardened than the Indians on the frontier.

Continuing their march, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers headed toward Avoyelles Parish. According to Wharton:

On Sunday, May 15th, we left the river road and took a short route through the woods, saving considerable distance. The windings of the Red river are so numerous that it resembles the tape-worm railroad where with the politicians frightened the dear people during the administration of Ritner and Stevens. — We stopped several hours in the woods to leave cavalry pass, when we moved forward and by four o’clock emerged into a large open plain where we formed into line of battle, expecting a regular engagement. The enemy, however, retired, and we advanced ’till dark, when the forces halted for the night with orders to rest on their arms. ‘Twas here that Banks rode through our regiment, amidst the cheers of the boys, and gave the pleasant news that Grant had defeated Lee.

“Resting on their arms” (half-dozing, without pitching their tents, and with their rifles right beside them), they were now positioned just outside of Marksville, on the eve of the 16 May 1864 Battle of Mansura, which unfolded as follows, according to Wharton:

Early next morning we marched through Marksville into a prairie nine miles long and six wide where every preparation was made for a fight. The whole of our force was formed in line, in support of artillery in front, who commenced operations on the enemy driving him gradually from the prairie into the woods. As the enemy retreated before the heavy fire of our artillery, they reached Missoula [sic, Mansura], where they formed in column, taking the whole field in an attempt to flank the enemy, but their running qualities were so good that we were foiled. The maneuvring [sic, maneuvering] of the troops was handsomely done, and the movements was [sic, were] one of the finest things of the war. The fight of artillery was a steady one of five miles. The enemy merely stood that they might cover the retreat of their infantry and train under cover of their artillery. Our loss was slight. Of the rebels we could not ascertain directly, but learned from citizens who had secreted themselves during the fight, that they had many killed and wounded, who threw them into wagons, promiscuously, and drove them off so that we could not learn their casualties. The next day we moved to Simmsport [sic, Simmesport] on the Achafalaya [sic, Atchafalaya] river, where a bridge was made by putting the transports side by side, which enabled the troops and train to pass safely over.– The day before we crossed the rebels attacked Smith, thinking it was but the rear guard, in which they, the graybacks, were awfully cut up, and four hundred prisoners fell into our hands. Our loss in killed and wounded was ninety. This fight was the last one of the expedition. The whole of the force is safe on the Mississippi, gunboats, transports and trains. The 16th and 17th have gone to their old commands.

It is amusing to read the statements of correspondents to papers North, concerning our movements and the losses of the army. I have it from the best source that the Federal loss from Franklin to Mansfield, and from their [sic, there] to this point does not exceed thirty-five hundred in killed, wounded and missing, while that of the rebels is over eight thousand.

Continuing on, the healthy members of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry marched for Simmesport and then Morganza, where they made camp again. While encamped there, the nine formerly enslaved Black men who had enlisted with the regiment in Beaufort, South Carolina (1862) and Natchitoches, Louisiana (1864) were officially mustered into the regiment between 22-24 June.

The regiment then moved on and arrived in New Orleans in late June. On the Fourth of July, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteers received orders to return to the East Coast. Three days later, they began loading the regiment and its men onto ships, a process that unfolded in two stages. Companies A, C, D, E, F, H, and I boarded the U.S. Steamer McClellan on 7 July and departed that day, while the members of Companies B, G and K, including First Sergeant David Diefenderfer, remained behind, awaiting transport. They subsequently departed aboard the Blackstone, weighing anchor and sailing forth at the end of that month. Arriving in Virginia, on 28 July, the second group reconnected with the first group at Monocacy, having missed an encounter with President Abraham Lincoln and the Battle of Cool Spring at Snicker’s Gap in mid-July (a battle in which the first group of 47th Pennsylvanians had taken part).

Sheridan’s 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign

Attached to the Middle Military Division, U.S. Army of the Shenandoah, beginning in early August of 1864, and placed under the command of Union Major-General Philip H. Sheridan, the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was assigned to defensive duties in and around Halltown, and also engaged over the next several weeks in a series of back-and-forth movements between Halltown, Berryville, Middletown, Charlestown, and Winchester as part of a “mimic war” being waged by Sheridan’s Union forces with those commanded by Confederate Lieutenant-General Jubal Early.

The 47th Pennsylvania then engaged with Confederate forces in the Battle of Berryville from 3-4 September — but it would be the last battle fought by First Sergeant David K. Diefenderfer, who was honorably mustered out at Berryville, Virginia on 18 September 1864, upon expiration of his original three-year term of enlistment.

Return to Civilian Life

Following his honorable discharge from the military, David Diefenderfer returned home to his wife, Christanna, and their children in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, where he tried to regain some semblance of a normal life, despite the horrors he had witnessed as a soldier. Less than six months after he hugged his family members, he received word that his father, Isaac Diefenderfer, had died at the age of seventy-two in Transfer, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, where Isaac had been residing with David’s married sister, Susanna (Diefenderfer) Bear (1820-1867).

* Note: Following funeral services, Isaac Diefenderfer was subsequently laid to rest at the Reickert Cemetery in Transfer, rather than at Solomons Cemetery in Macungie, Lehigh County, where his wife (David K. Diefenderfer’s mother) had been buried in 1842.

Later that same year (1866), David Diefenderfer became a charter member of the Grand Army of the Republic’s Yeager Post (No. 13), which was established in Allentown on 15 December. (Regular meetings of that G.A.R. chapter were then held at 636 Hamilton Street until they were moved to the Anewalt Building at the corner of Eighth and Hamilton in 1874.) Sadly, the New Year of 1867 then brought further heartache with the news that that David Diefenderfer’s sister, Susanna (Diefenderfer) Bear, had also died. Just thirty-four years and twenty-two days old when she passed away in Transfer, Mercer County on 24 January, she was then also buried at the Reickert Cemetery.

Still, David Diefenderfer “soldiered on.” On 19 April 1869 (alternate date: 1 April 1869), he was appointed by United States President Ulysses S. Grant as the U.S. Postmaster for the City of Allentown, according to The Lehigh Register. Allentown’s Morning Call newspaper later reported that “His appointment was secured in a novel way.”

There were several candidates for the position and it was decided to hold an election. After the ballots were counted Mr. Diefenderfer had the largest vote. His name was forwarded to Washington as the choice of the people of Allentown. President Grant respected their choice by appointing him postmaster. He served for a period of eight years.

When a federal census enumerator knocked on his door in July of 1870, David Diefenderfer was documented as a resident of Allentown’s Fifth Ward who was employed as a stone cutter in the region’s burgeoning hydraulic cement industry. Residing with him were his wife, Christianna, and their sons, William Diefenderfer and Edward/Edwin (born circa 1862-died before May 1909). Also living there was sixteen-year-old Bavarian immigrant Phillip Bender. David and his wife subsequently welcomed the birth of Frederick Walter Diefenderfer (1875-1916), who was born in Allentown on 25 October 1875 and would later wed Estella Edith Biddle (1876-1957). David then concluded his tenure of service as Allentown’s postmaster in 1877 and, in 1878, moved his family to the State of Delaware and settled with them near Hazletteville in Kent County, where he became a farmer. He soon became disatisfied with his family’s quality of life there, however, and moved them to Maryland, according to the 28 January 1880 edition of The Allentown Democrat. By June of that year, he was farming land in Caroline County, Maryland. Residing with him were his wife, Christianna, and their sons, William, Ed and Fred Diefenderfer.

*Note: David K. Diefenderfer’s son, Edward/Edwin Diefenderfer, had been born in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania circa 1862, while David was still serving in the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Researchers have not yet identified the exact date and location of Edward/Edwin’s death (or his burial location), but have been able to determine that Edward/Edwin predeceased his father (because Edward/Edwin was not mentioned in David Diefenderfer’s May 1909 obituary as a surviving relative).

Sometime prior to the late summer months of 1890, David Diefenderfer and his wife relocated to the town of Crumpton in Queen Anne County, Maryland. It was from that place that he filed for a U.S. Civil War Pension on 5 September of that year. He and his wife then relocated to the town of Ridgely in Maryland’s Caroline County sometime prior to 1896. Retired by the turn of the century, he continued to reside in Ridgely with his wife. Also residing with them were their son, Fred Diefenderfer and Fred’s wife, Estella, who had been married for roughly a year. That year’s federal census enumerator also noted that David’s wife, Christianna, had given birth to three children, two of whom were still alive at that time. The following year, David Diefenderfer received word that his oldest sister, Julianna Angelina (Diefenderfer) Neumeyer (1819-1901), had passed away in Lower Macungie Township on 2 April 1901. The widow of farmer George Neumeyer (1814-1882; alternate surname spelling: “Newmoyer”), she was the mother of: Maria Neumeyer, who had been born circa 1851; Martha Neumeyer (1853-1899), who had been born on 25 August 1853 and had married Peter W. Spaar (1854-1934); George A. Neumeyer (1855-1934), who had been born on 6 November 1855 and had married Olympia Eckert (1860-1949); and Eliza Neumeyer (1858-1939), who had been born on 22 June 1858, had become known to family and friends as “Lizzie” and had married Erwin D. Miller (1860-1921). Following funeral services, Juliana was laid to rest at the same cemetery where her husband had been buried and where her son, George, would also later be buried — the Macungie Baptist Church Cemetery in Macungie, Lehigh County. (Click on the link to view a photo of a group of Neumeyer gravestones at that cemetery. Note the tombstone base without tombstone that is located to the right of the elder George Neumeyer’s gravestone and behind the younger George Newmeyer’s  gravestone.)

Death and Interment

After a long, full life, David Kemmerer Diefenderfer died at the age of eighty-two in Ridgely, Maryland on 22 April 1909 (alternate death date: 21 April 1909). Following funeral services at the Reformed Church in Ridgely, he was laid to rest at the Ridgely Cemetery in Ridgely.

What Happened to David Diefenderfer’s Siblings?

David K. Diefenderfer was preceded in death by all of his siblings, except for his brother, Isaac Diefenderfer, who had been trained as a stone cutter as a youth and had then pursued that vocation for the remainder of his life, during which time he had worked for the Romig yards in Allentown before his hiring by the yards of Fred S. Reinhard in Allentown’s Twelfth Ward. Following his marriage to Arovina Trollinger (variant: Lavina Trellinger), Isaac Diefenderfer welcomed the births of: Charles A. Diefenderfer (circa 1859-1902), who was born in Kutztown circa 1859 and later followed in his father’s footsteps as a stone cutter; Harry Diefenderfer (1861-1933), who was born on 2 January 1861, became a barber and married Elizabeth Geiger (1866-1929) and settled with her in Philadelphia; Oscar Diefenderfer (circa 1867-1901), who was born circa 1867 and later settled in New Jersey; Annie J. Diefenderfer (1868-1915), who was born on 7 July 1868 and later wed James E. Baker (1862-1924); and Maggie Diefenderfer, who was born in May 1883 and later wed Frank E. Witman. A resident of 418 North Penn Street in Allentown, Isaac Diefenderfer suffered an episode of apoplexy on 17 November 1912, and died at his home, at 3:30 a.m. the following morning. According to his obituary in The Allentown Leader:

He was apparently in good health yesterday [17 November] and after partaking of dinner left for a walk, as was his daily custom. He returned home about 6 o’clock and complained to his wife that he wasn’t feeling well. A short time afterward he was stricken and sank quickly to the end. He will be buried on Thursday, the 77th anniversary of his birth. Rev. E. E. Kresge will officiate and burial will be made in Greenwood Cemetery.

What Happened to David K. Diefenderfer’s Widow and Children?

Christianna (Bender) Diefenderfer continued to reside in Ridgely, Maryland after the death of her husband, David Kemmerer Diefenderfer in April 1909. On 10 May of that same year, she filed for a U.S. Civil War Widow’s Pension, which was later approved by federal officials. By 1910, she was living at the home of her son, Frederick Walter Diefenderfer, and his family on Maple Avenue in Ridgely, and continued to reside there even after his death from tuberculosis during the fall of 1916. Roughly two years later, Christianna (Bender) Diefenderfer then also passed away. Eighty-eight years old at the time of her death at the home of her daughter-in-law, Estella Edith (Biddle) Diefenderfer, on Third Avenue in Ridgely, Maryland, on 20 October 1918, Christianna was laid to rest beside her husband at the Ridgely Cemetery.

Following his marriage to Estella Edith Biddle circa 1899, David and Christianna Diefenderfer’s son, Frederick Walter Diefenderfer, who was known to family and friends as “Fred,” initially resided in Ridgely’s Seventh Election District with David and Christianna. Together, Fred and Estella then welcomed the births of five children: Elwood Diefenderfer (1899-1933), who was born on 30 November 1899 and would later wed Mildred Friedel; Florence Diefenderfer (1903-1986), who was born on 10 January 1903 and would later wed Samuel T. Jopp (1893-1967); Norris E. Diefenderfer (1907-1972), who was born on 2 May 1907 and would later wed Mollie Walls (1909-1993); Clifton Fred Diefenderfer (1909-1968), who was born on 2 February 1909 and would later wed Beatrice Ellen Baker; and Maude V. Diefenderfer (1913-1997), who was born on 29 September 1913 and would later wed William Alfred Thomas (1901-1975). Ailing with tuberculosis (consumption), Frederick W. Diefenderfer was admitted to the tuberculosis sanitarium in Salisbury, Wicomico County, Maryland sometime after 1910, but died there from tuberculosis-related complications on 1 November 1916. Just forty-one years old at the time of his passing, he was also laid to rest at the Ridgely Cemetery in Ridgely.

David and Christianna Diefenderfer’s son, William B. Diefenderer, grew up to become a farmer in Delaware. After his marriage to Margaret L. Harris in Camden, Kent County, Delaware on 25 March 1886, they began to make their own home in Kent County, where he farmed the land and where they welcomed the Kent County births of: Helen Lewis Diefenderfer (1887-1964), who was born on 19 December 1887 and would later marry Samuel Crook (1886-1942) and settle with him in Dover; Sarah Elizabeth Diefenderfer (1889-1986), who was born in Wyoming, Kent County on Christmas Day in 1889, became known to family and friends as “Bessie’ and would later wed Oscar John Stevens (1889-1970) and settle with him in Haddonfield, New Jersey; William Elmer Diefenderfer (1892-1973), who was born in Wyoming, Kent County on 20 April 1892 and would later wed Josephine Shanan (1902-1989) and settle with her in Kent County, Delaware before relocating to Chester County, Pennsylvania; and Roland Harris Diefenderfer (1894-1974), who was born in Wyoming, Kent County on 26 October 1894 and would later wed Nellie Sipple (1888-1969) and settle in Dover, Delaware. By 1900, William B. Diefenderfer was farming land in North Murderkill Hundred, a subdivision of Kent County, Delaware, where he resided with his wife and children. Also living with them were two servants and a boarder. Residing in Kent County’s First Election District as of 1910, his household included his immediate family, as well as his mother-in-law, but not the boarder or servants. Widowed by his wife when she passed away in Kent County on 1 April 1916, he continued to reside in that county for the remainder of his days. Ailing with heart and kidney disease during the final years of his life, William B. Diefenderfer died at the age of seventy-five, in the city of Dover in Kent County, on 9 June 1935, and was laid to rest at that city’s Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery.

 

Sources:

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